China remains steadfast in the implementation of its foreign policy of Freedom and Peace. The basic goal of China's foreign policy is to protect China's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, to create a good international environment for China's transformation and openness and modern construction, and to protect world peace and promote common development. . The main themes of China's foreign policy are:
China has always adhered to the principle of independence, does not form alliances with any major country or group, does not form military blocs, does not participate in military competition and does not expand military.
China opposes authoritarianism, defends world peace and favors that countries, whether small or big, strong or weak, poor or wealthy, are equal members of the international community. Mutual disputes and differences should be resolved peacefully through consultations between countries and not by the use of force or threats to use force. China does not interfere in the domestic policy of another country under any pretext.
China actively promotes the establishment of a just and rational new international political and economic order. The five principles of peaceful coexistence and other universally accepted rules of international relations should form the basis of the new international political and economic order.
China to establish and develop friendly cooperation relations with all countries based on the five principles of respect for each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs and equality and mutually beneficial peaceful coexistence. ready to.
China follows a foreign policy of all-round openness. On the basis of equality and mutual benefit, China is ready to comprehensively develop trade movement, economic and technical cooperation and scientific and cultural exchange with different countries and regions of the world, so as to enhance common prosperity.
China actively participates in multilateral diplomatic activities. China has become a resolute force protecting the peace of the world and the stability of the region.
In the more than 50 years since the founding of New China, China's foreign policy has become more perfect as a result of reform, co-ordination and development, and a political style with Chinese characteristics has emerged. In future the world situation is developing towards multipolarization and economic globalization. The deepening of international relations is taking place. The demand for peace, the quest for cooperation and the promotion of development have become the common appeal of the people of different countries. China's foreign work in the new century has both opportunities and challenges. We should be cool and careful, be aware of danger and increase security and be alert to change. We should properly understand the international environment of China country from the point of view of the general trend of change of international situation and take advantage of the opportunities and face the challenges. We should diligently pursue a free and peaceful foreign policy, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China led by Hu Chin Thao, studying the foreign ideology of the late Chinese leader Tung Xiao Fing, and continuously create new dimensions of diplomatic work. . We will create a good peaceful international environment for the social and modern construction work of the country and will contribute for the peace and development work of the world.
The two have had cultural and economic relations since ancient times. Buddhism has been propagated from India on the land of China. The people of China had chosen the universities of India i.e. Nalanda University and Taxila University to receive the education of Buddhism since ancient times, because at that time these two universities of its kind in the world were important centers of education. At that time the people of Europe were in a wild state.
Although the communist regime of China was established in 1946, the friendly relations between the two countries remained equal. Developing country policy was done by India towards China's struggle and faith was also expressed on Panchsheel. The following year after the establishment of New China in 1949, India established diplomatic relations with China. Thus India became the first non-socialist country to recognize the People's Republic of China.
In the month of June 1954, five principles of peaceful coexistence i.e. Panchsheel were introduced by China, India and Myanmar. Panchsheel was an important contribution made by China and India to the peace and security of the world, and is still on the tongue of the people of both countries. The main theme of these principles established regarding the relations of countries is to respect each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity, not to attack each other, not to interfere in each other's internal affairs, and to maintain equality and mutual respect. Peaceful coexistence on the basis of profit should be maintained.
But China invaded India in 1962 by keeping friendly relations on hold and occupied a lot of India's land and declared a unilateral ceasefire on 21 November 1962. Since that time the relations between the two countries have not been normal till date.
After the death of Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri extended a hand of friendship with China, but India did not succeed, because China had unjustly supported Pakistan unilaterally in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. The Indo-Pakistan Armistice Agreement was signed on 23 September 1965. Therefore, all the intentions of China were dashed.
By the mid-70s, the relations between India and China came out of the cold period and once again became closer. From January 1980, China showed some moderation, as a result of which the hope of improvement in India-China relations was expressed.
In 1998, tensions arose again between the two countries. India declared itself as an arms holder country by conducting five nuclear tests between 11 and 13 May 1998. During this period, Mr. George Fernandes, who was the Defense Minister of India, had called China as India's biggest enemy, which suddenly changed the mindset of China. China started forcing India to sign NPT and CTBT with America and other countries. On June 5, 1998, under pressure from China, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution to stop testing, stop the weapons development program and sign CTBT and NPT. In July 1998, at the meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum, talks were held between Foreign Minister Jaswant Singh and Chinese Foreign Minister Tang Jiashan. The two decided to continue the high government consultations. In October 1998, China criticized Atal Bihari Vajpayee's meeting with the Dalai Lama and called it 'the use of the Tibet-card against China'. In February 1996, India sent a ministerial-level delegation for annual consultations, taking the initiative to sweeten the relationship. The Indian Ministry did not find China's stand in its interest. China definitely named it a positive and progressive approach.
In April 1996, the 11th meeting of the Joint Working Group was held in Beijing in which new aspects of development in both countries were vigorously discussed. Once again, there were signs of improvement in the relations between the two countries. In June 1996, Indian Foreign Minister Jaswant Singh held high-level talks with the leaders of China on a visit. It was also decided to raise more than $2 billion and increase the activities of the Joint Working Group. In February 2000, India supported China to get WTO membership, blaming Pakistan on the issue of Kashmir. In March 2000, the first round of security dialogue between India and China began in Beijing, which was secretary-level. The security talks lasted two days. In this program, China asked India to sign CTBT. In May 2000, the President of India, KR Narayanan, visited China and discussed all the issues of interest to both the countries. Couldn't talk.
Despite having trade, economic, cultural, etc. relations between the two countries, they have been staggering on the narrow path. The 1950s was the golden age of Indo-Tibetan relations, until China annexed Tibet to its territory after the Battle of Chamdo. India then gradually moved away from Tibet. The Dalai Lama left Tibet and came to India as a refugee, this subject is also disputed with China.
Indo-Chinese relations were fine till India handed it over to China after rejecting the proposal of the then Security Council of the then Security Council by the United Nations. But relations deteriorated for the first time in the twentieth century, when there was a 1962 war between India and China over Aksai Chin, in which China defeated India. Then both sides agreed to this conclusion under an agreement, one of which was that the border of the land would be called the "Line of Actual Control" as much as China gained in the war. This line runs through Aksai Chin, Ladakh, to the disputed "McMahon Line" in Arunachal Pradesh.
In 1967, there was a military skirmish in Na-Thula, in which India defeated China. However, two years before that there was Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 and India defeated Pakistan. Things were a little rough in 2 years, but India recovered from that soon.
In 1950-70, India had relations with Taiwan as well, but India slowly started to distance itself from it, saying that it considers the mainland of China. However, now the relationship of both is improving.
Improvement in China-India relations reached a new level, when economic relations between the two improved from the year 2004 and they started coming closer to each other. But then two such incidents worsened the situation again. The Doklam dispute erupted in 2017, when China tried to build a military on the region bordering Bhutan. Bhutan opposed this, and sought help from India, after which India sent the army on its side. The military standoff between India and China for one and a half months came to a complete halt, and a military halt was signed by both the army chiefs. But the clashes in the Galwan Valley of the year 2020 further spoiled the relations being built; But in the middle of January 2021, news came that there was mediation between the two countries, and both returned to their former military places. The Corona-19 pandemic in India has also caused a rift in relations, as it was spread from the city of Wuhan in China, which later infected the whole world, and put India in second place after America.
Relations with China also deteriorated because China favors more towards Pakistan, it also supports it on the Kashmir issue. Being one of the five presidencies of the UN Security Council, China defends Pakistan every time it proposes to take strong action. Pakistan tries to take economic advantage of China's many big project works, of which the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is an important project. India strongly opposes this, because the international highway which enters Pakistan through China, passes through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, about which there is a tussle between India and Pakistan.
Note - Right now there is fragility in the relationship.
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